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A computer is made up of different components like the motherboard, processor, display, RAM, etc. Each component has to do its own set of jobs in coordination with other components to make the computer work correctly. Let’s see what are the internal components of a computer.
What’s inside my computer? It is a common question that pops up in the head of almost every computer user who is in the process of getting comfy with his/her machine.
 What is RAM?
Random Access Memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location., allowing quick access and manipulation.
TypesThe two main types of RAM are static RAM and dynamic RAM.
VolatilityRAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when the device is powered off.
The basic structure of computer system consists mainly of three parts which are the central processing unit (CPU), Input devices, and output devices. Further, the Central processing unit can be divided into two more parts i.e. control unit (CU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
The basic structure of the computer describes a simple concept that the data is entered into the central processing unit with the help of input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, secondary storage devices, etc and then when the central processing unit receives the data from the input devices it has a pre-programmed set of instruction to follow and the result of instruction execution will lead to output and these output produce are mostly for the user which requires output devices such as a monitor, speaker, etc to understand the processed output data.
Some general kinds of application software include:
  • Productivity software, which includes tools such as word processors and spreadsheets.
  • Presentation software, also known as slideware.
  • Graphics software.
  • CAD/CAM.
  • Vertical market, industry-specific software -- for example, banking, insurance and retail applications.
RAM allows the computer to read data quickly to run applications. It allows reading and writing.
Windows 1.01985-11-20
Windows 2.x1987-12-09
Windows 3.01990-05-22
Windows 3.11992-03-08
Windows NT 3.11993-10-27
Windows NT 3.51994-09-21
Windows NT 3.511995-05-30
Windows 951995-08-24
Windows NT 4.01996-07-31
Windows 981998-06-25
Windows 20002000-02-17
Windows ME2000-09-14
Windows NeptuneNot released.
Windows XP2001-10-25
Windows XP 64-Bit
Windows XP Embedded2002-01-30
Windows XP Media
Center Edition
2002-10-28
Windows XP Tablet PC2002-11-07
Windows XP 64-bit 20032003-03-28
Windows Server 20032003-04-24
Windows Small Business
Server 2003
2003-10-09
Windows XP Starter2004-08-11
Windows XP Pro x642005-04-25
Windows Embedded for
Point of Service
2005-06-06
Windows Server 2003 R22005
Windows Vista2007-01-30
Windows Home Server2007-11-04
Windows Server 20082008-02-27
Windows Small Business
Server 2008
2008-08-21
Windows Embedded 20092008-12-14
Windows Server 2008 R22009-07-22
Windows 72009-10-22
Windows Server 20122012-09-04
Windows 82012-10-26
Windows 8.12013-10-17
Windows Server 2012 R22013-10-18
Windows CE
AutoPC
Pocket PC
Pocket PC 20002000
Pocket PC 20022002
Windows 10 + Windows Server 2016/2019 
Windows 102015-07-29N/A
Windows 10 (1511)2015-11-10November (1511)
Windows 10 (1607)2016-08-02Anniversary (1607)
Windows Server 2016
Windows 10 (1703)2017-04-05Creators (1703)
Windows 10 (1709)2017-10-17Fall Creators (1709)
Windows Server (1709)
Windows 10 (1803)2018-04-30April 2018 (1803)
Windows Server (1803)
Windows 10 (1809)2018-11-13October 2018 (1809)
Windows Server (1809)
Windows Server 2019
Windows 10 (1903)2019-05-21May 2019 (1903)
Windows Server (1903)
Windows Server (1909)
Windows 10 (2004)2020-05-27May 2020 (2004)
Windows Server (2004)
Windows 10 Mobile2015
 
 Windows Phone
Windows Phone 72010
Windows Phone 82012
Windows Phone 8.12014
ROMs are integrated circuits that contain data and most often cannot be altered. There are some types that can be somewhat modified that include programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) and Flash, which is a type of EEPROM. PROM is a type of ROM that can be programmed only once by a special device and uses high voltages. EPROM can be rewritten using UV radiation, whereas EEPROM can be rewritten electrically and such devices do not require to be removed from the computer. Flash drives are modern version of EEPROM and fastest to erase and rewrite. Some other common types of ROM are CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW which is used to store media and music files.
Programming
What are the list of programming languages?
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and historical ones, in alphabetical order. Dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. Action! Go! Snap!
Top 10 Most Popular Programming Languages
 
1. Python
Number of jobs: 19,000
Average annual salary: $120,000
Benefits: Python is widely regarded as a programming language that’s easy to learn, due to its simple syntax, a large library of standards and toolkits, and integration with other popular programming languages such as C and C++. In fact, it’s the first language that students learn in the Align program, Gorton says. “You can cover a lot of computer science concepts quickly, and it’s relatively easy to build on.” It is a popular programming language, especially among startups, and therefore Python skills are in high demand.
Drawbacks: Python is not suitable for mobile application development.
Common uses: Python is used in a wide variety of applications, including artificial intelligence, financial services, and data science. Social media sites such as Instagram and Pinterest are also built on Python.
 
 
2. JavaScript
Number of jobs: 24,000
Average annual salary: $118,000
Benefits: JavaScript is the most popular programming language for building interactive websites; “virtually everyone is using it,” Gorton says. When combined with Node.js, programmers can use JavaScript to produce web content on the server before a page is sent to the browser, which can be used to build games and communication applications that run directly in the browser. A wide variety of add-ons extend the functionality of JavaScript as well. 
Drawbacks: Internet browsers can disable JavaScript code from running, as JavaScript is used to code pop-up ads that in some cases can contain malicious content. 
Common uses: JavaScript is used extensively in website and mobile application development. Node.js allows for the development of browser-based applications, which do not require users to download an application.
 
 
3. Java
Number of jobs: 29,000
Average annual salary: $104,000
Benefits: Java is the programming language most commonly associated with the development of client-server applications, which are used by large businesses around the world. Java is designed to be a loosely coupled programming language, meaning that an application written in Java can run on any platform that supports Java. As a result, Java is described as the “write once, run anywhere” programming language.
Drawbacks: Java is not ideal for applications that run on the cloud, as opposed to the server (which is common for business applications). In addition, the software company Oracle, which owns Java, charges a licensing fee to use the Java Development Kit.
Common uses: Along with business applications, Java is used extensively in the Android mobile operating system.
 
 
4. C#
Number of jobs: 18,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: Microsoft developed C# as a faster and more secure variant of C. It is fully integrated with Microsoft’s .NET software framework, which supports the development of applications for Windows, browser plug-ins, and mobile devices. C# offers shared codebases, a large code library, and a variety of data types.
Drawbacks: C# can have a steep learning curve, especially for resolving errors. It is less flexible than languages such as C++. 
Common uses: C# is the go-to language for Microsoft ad Windows application development. It can also be used for mobile devices and video game consoles using an extension of the .NET Framework called Mono.
 
 
5. C
Number of jobs: 8,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: Along with Python and Java, C forms a “good foundation” for learning how to program, Gorton says. As one of the first programming languages ever developed, C has served as the foundation for writing more modern languages such as Python, Ruby, and PHP. It is also an easy language to debug, test, and maintain.
Drawbacks: Since it’s an older programming language, C is not suitable for more modern use cases such as websites or mobile applications. C also has a complex syntax as compared to more modern languages.
Common uses: Because it can run on any type of device, C is often used to program hardware, such as embedded devices in automobiles and medical devices used in healthcare. 
 
 
6. C++
Number of jobs: 9,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: C++ is an extension of C that works well for programming the systems that run applications, as opposed to the applications themselves. C++ also works well for multi-device and multi-platform systems. Over time, programmers have written a large set of libraries and compilers for C++. Being able to use these utilities effectively is just as important to understanding a programming language as writing code, Gorton says.
Drawbacks: Like C, C++ has complex syntax and an abundance of features that can make it complicated for new programmers. C++ also does not support run-time checking, which is a method of detecting errors or defects while software is running. 
Common uses: C++ has many uses and is the language behind everything from computer games to mathematical simulations.
 
 
7. Go
Number of jobs: 1,700
Average annual salary: $93,000
Benefits: Also referred to as Golang, Go was developed by Google to be an efficient, readable, and secure language for system-level programming. It works well for distributed systems, in which systems are located on different networks and need to communicate by sending messages to each other. While it is a relatively new language, Go has a large standards library and extensive documentation.
Drawbacks: Go has not gained widespread use outside of Silicon Valley. Go does not include a library for graphical user interfaces, which are the most common ways that end-users interact with any device that has a screen.
Common uses: Go is used primarily for applications that need to process a lot of data. In addition to Google, companies using Go for certain applications include Netflix, Twitch, and Uber.
 
 
8. R
Number of jobs: 1,500
Average annual salary: $93,000
Benefits: R is heavily used in statistical analytics and machine learning applications. The language is extensible and runs on many operating systems. Many large companies have adopted R in order to analyze their massive data sets, so programmers who know R are in great demand. 
Drawbacks: R does not have the strict programming guidelines of older and more established languages. 
Common uses: R is primarily used in statistical software products. 
 
 
9. Swift
Number of jobs: 1,800
Average annual salary: $93,000 
Benefits: Swift is Apple’s language for developing applications for Mac computers and Apple’s mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch. Like many modern programming languages, Swift has a highly readable syntax, runs code quickly, and can be used for both client-side and server-side development. 
Drawbacks: Swift can only be used on newer versions of iOS 7 and will not work with older applications. As a newer programming language, the code can be unstable at times, and there are fewer third-party resources available to programmers.
Common uses: Swift is used for iOS and macOS applications. 
 
 
10. PHP
Number of jobs: 7,000
Average annual salary: $81,000
Benefits: PHP is widely used for server-side web development, when a website frequently requests information from a server. As an older language, PHP benefits from a large ecosystem of users who have produced frameworks, libraries, and automation tools to make the programming language easier to use. PHP code is also easy to debug.
Drawbacks: As Python and JavaScript have gained popularity, PHP’s popularity has dropped. PHP is also known for its security vulnerabilities. According to Indeed, most PHP programmers take short-term roles that last less than one year.
 
Common uses: PHP is the code running content-oriented websites such as Facebook, WordPress, and Wikipedia. 
 
7 Other Programming Languages to Consider
The following programming languages aren’t quite as popular as the 10 listed above, but they are also worth considering if you’re looking to expand your programming options.
  • Dart is optimal for programming applications that need to run on multiple platforms, such as Windows and iOS. 
  • Kotlin is used to develop applications for the Android OS. 
  • MATLAB is a proprietary language developed by MathWorks and used for scientific research and numerical computing. 
  • Perl got its start for programming text, which makes it easy to learn and popular for developing a proof of concept. 
  • Ruby is losing traction as compared to other languages, but the Ruby on Rails framework was influential to other, later Web application frameworks for Python, PHP, and JavaScript.
  • Rust emphasizes high performance and security and is useful for applications where many things are happening concurrently.
  • Scala, named as a play on scalable language, is compatible with Java and is useful for cloud-based applications. 
Why do you want to learn programming?
This is a very important question that you absolutely must ask yourself before you go any further. Do you want to turn it into a career? Do you have a project or concept that you want to turn into a reality on your own?
 
Or do you simply want to learn how to be a programmer because it’s something that’s ‘cool’ at the moment?
Answer honestly, because the language that you choose to learn will depend on your answer to this question.
 
 
What do you hope to do with your new knowledge?
Again, you need to identify exactly what you want to do with your new programming knowledge.
For example, the courses you need to take and the languages you need to learn if you want to become a software developer or systems engineer will be a lot different from the skills you need to make a few changes to the layout of your blog.
 
Are you serious about learning to program?
This a very important question to ask. Are you serious about learning how to become a programmer and in getting a job in the field, or is it just a fad? If you are serious, then you need to be able to allocate as much time as possible to learning programming skills so that you can start working ASAP!
 
 
What sort of programming do you want to do?
More on this in Step 2, but you need to think closely about what sort of programming you want to do and what field you want to go into.
Do you want to become a back-end web developer? A software engineer? Or do you want to work on something like artificial intelligence (AI) or another emerging technology? The answer to this question will help shape the learning pathway that you take, so be honest with yourself.
Step 2: Decide What Field You Want To Go Into
There are a variety of different types of programming. When you are figuring out how to learn programming, you need to think very carefully about what field you are planning on looking for work in. Some of the most popular
 
types of programmers include:
Web developers
Web developers can be further separated into front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) developers. Front-end programmers are responsible for writing the code that dictates what a website looks like and how its content is presented.
Back-end programmers are required to write web apps and other complicated programs that provide the framework for the website to run on.
 
 
Software programmers
Software programmers areas you can probably guess - responsible for creating software. They usually take a design or a concept that someone else has come up with and write the code to turn it into a working product.
Data scientists
Data scientists usually work in research or academia, where they use Python almost exclusively to analyze and manipulate scientific data.
 
To become a data scientist it is first most important to know how to become a programmer. These specialists are often researchers in their own right, and they often use code to make their job easier.
 
Database Administrator
Database administrators have several roles. They are mainly responsible for taking large amounts of company data and securing, organizing, and analyzing it. If you love statistics and consumer data analysis, you should take a closer look at what a database administrator does.
 
 
Mobile app development
As the number of smartphone users grows, the demand for exciting new mobile apps also grows. Mobile app development is quickly becoming one of the most lucrative programming fields, especially if you are good at working on your own. Freelance work is very common for mobile programmers.
 
 
Other Roles
Learning how to become a programmer opens many more opportunities. The above are just some of the most common programming jobs. If none of them appeal to you, do some more research and discover what other jobs are out there.
 
 
New job titles and roles are being created all the time as technology evolves, so make sure that you follow the latest industry news and network with your fellow programmers.
 
 
Step 3: Learn a Programming Language (or Three)
Once you have settled on a programming field, you need to learn the languages that are relevant to that field. For example, you will need SQL to become a database administrator, CSS, and JavaScript to become a front-end web developer, and something like Java or Swift if you want to start building mobile apps.
 
Below are some of the most popular programming languages and their uses. Make sure that you do your research to ensure that you are learning the right languages for the field that you are hoping to get into.
 
 
Python
Learning how to become a programmer in Python is crucial for a modern-day coder.
One of the most versatile and widespread programming languages in the world, Python is a great choice for people who want to work in data science, software development, or pretty much any other programming field. Python is also used in some emerging technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Learning Python has never been easier than it is now.
 
If you want to learn about the basics of Python syntax, how to write codes and other useful things just take a course online!
CSS/HTML
 
If you want to get into any sort of front-end web development, then HTML and CSS are an absolute must. Although they are two separate languages, they are almost exclusively used together to create engaging, cleverly designed web pages.
 
 
Learn HTML and CSS together with the HTML and CSS course, or learn them separately from our instructors.
 
 
JavaScript
JavaScript is another versatile programming language that is used for many things. If you want to learn how to become a programmer, JavaScript could be a good place to start. It is used for interactive front-end web design, back-end web app development, game development, and even in robotics!
You can learn JavaScript easily online. All you have to do is sign up for a course! If you already have prior knowledge but want to deepen your understanding of JavaScript, take this intermediate JavaScript course.
 
 
Java
If you want to learn how to become a programmer quickly, learn Java. Java is up there with Python as one of the most versatile languages in the world.
It is quite simple to learn, it reads like English, and it is a favorite among beginners. It is used for everything from Android mobile app development to back-end web app development, and you can learn it via the Learn Java course.
 
 
Swift
Swift was recently released by Apple to make iOS app development simpler and more straightforward. It is much easier to use than
 
 
C# - the language traditionally used by Apple - and allows beginners to build mobile iOS apps without too much trouble.
If you want to learn how to be a program for iOS apps, learn Swift! Learn Swift Programming course is a great choice to get you started.
Solidity
If you're wondering how to become a programmer that works with blockchain technologies, then Solidity is your answer. Solidity is probably the least well-known and the least popular programming language on this list.
 
It is used to develop smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The rise of cryptocurrencies and blockchain has led to an increase in the demand for Solidity developers, which is why we have included it here. Learn how to be a good programmer with Solidity by taking either of our two offered courses on it.
Ruby
The last language on our list, Ruby, has become popular due to its uses as a full-stack web development language.
Originally designed in Japan for building games, Ruby is another versatile language with several use cases, and it’s worth considering if you want to get into web or game development. Have a look at the Learn Ruby on Rails course if you’re interested.
Step 4: Practice, Practice & Practice Some More
So you want to know how to become a programmer right? Well, here’s a little secret for you:
You have to practice. You have to practice a lot!
That’s right (surprise surprise), the key to becoming a good programmer is practice! Practice writing code from the moment you start learning. Download a code editor in your browser and write your little programs.
Share them and ask other people to critique your code. Try and learn something new every single day, and practice until you are completely fluent in all aspects of your chosen languages.
Step 5: Start Building A Portfolio Of Work
While you are practicing, you need to start building a portfolio. Want to know how to become a computer programmer? Well, one of the keys is having a decent portfolio that you can show to prospective employers.
When you go to apply for a job as an entry-level programmer, remember that there are probably at least a few other people who are applying for the same job. You need to do something that makes you stand out above and ahead of the crowd. A portfolio is a great way to do this.
 
While you are learning how to become a programmer, save all of the little bits of code that you write. Store them somewhere - a website is a great idea, as you can customize or even build it using your coding knowledge - and make them accessible to potential employers when you’re applying for a job.
 
Step 6: Apply For Jobs
By now you’re well on the way to learning how to be a good programmer.
You have picked a programming field, you have started to learn the skills and programming languages that you will need, and you have started practicing writing your code. You have put together a portfolio that showcases all of your work, and you have (hopefully) crafted a new resume.
 
You may have guessed it already, but it’s time to start applying for jobs! Search for entry-level programming jobs that are related to the languages that you have learned and the type of programming that you want to do.
 
Send your resume and any other information that the potential employers want, and cross your fingers while you wait for a reply.
Even if you don’t hear back from any job applications for a while, the simple act of applying is good practice. A big part of how to become a programmer is learning how to present your skills to the employers.
In the same way, don’t expect to land a job from your first interview. If you haven’t interviewed for a serious job before, you will probably be nervous and you might make mistakes.
 
Consider your first few interviews practice. Keep on applying, and you will eventually get offered your first job as a professional programmer!
In the meantime, consider taking freelance jobs to keep honing your skills and to make sure that your programming skills don’t get rusty.
 
Step 7: Never Stop Learning!
As you can imagine, programming is a rapidly developing field. Learning how to become a programmer today won’t necessarily give you the skills that you need to remain a good programmer for the next few decades. You need to keep learning new skills and new languages.
I find it a good practice to try and learn something new every day. This could be a new piece of syntax, a new tool that you can use with your favorite language, or a new way of writing a program. It doesn’t matter, as long as you continue to learn!
Coding
Powerful Computer
Computer Screens
Computer Programming
Neat Computer Desk
what is computer science?
 Computer science is the study of both computer hardware and software design. It encompasses both the study of theoretical algorithms and the practical problems involved in implementing them through computer hardware and software.

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